The Vital Stage of Every Student Erik Erikson´s Stages...

Children begin elementary school around the age of five years old. Erik Erikson has developed a theory broken down into several different stages representing different stages of a persons life, and one of his stages is directly associated with the age of children who enter the school scene for the first time. This stage is commonly referred to as Industry Vs. Inferiority. Research has proven that this stage in children’s lives is a critical stage that will determine how they look at themselves and others for many years to come. Erikson’s fourth stage of personality development, Industry Vs. Inferiority, can be defined as the stage in which a child determines their self worth and skills. As the stage refers to â€Å"industry,† this is the†¦show more content†¦A moving quote by Einstein states, â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid,† (A Quote by Albert Einstein). This level of Erikson’s theory is molded around this concept. Students have the ability to succeed, but depending on their encounters in school, their potential may never be revealed. Another example of how a classroom can strengthen or inhibit a students self worth is through their interests. This also applies to student’s relationships with their peers, but as Jones, Burks, and Jones (1936) state, there is value in students who share the same interests. They observed that students who enjoyed the same things seems to communicate more frequently to each other, and this increased there self worth (Jones et al., 1936). Finally, research from Jones, Burks, and Jones (1936) observed that students who had similar personalities spent more time together during recess and other free times during the school day. Based on their observations, the students wanted to spend time together because they felt wanted and enjoyed each other’s company (Jones et al., 1936). This relates back to the students self worth and their potential to be successful students in the future. Erikson identifies this stage of development into two extreme levels. TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthey had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired. - Erik Erikson Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a Germon born developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human lie. He is most famous for devising the phrase â€Å"identity crisis.† Erikson was a HarvardRead MoreHow Does The Learning Adapted All Through The Course, The Advancement And Development2423 Words   |  10 Pagesapply the learning adapted all through the course, the advancement and development in my lifespan. I will plan to show a working learning of the speculations, wording, and ideas of human development and advancement. I will indicate how these orders apply to my own particular backgrounds and how I did all through my key life occasions, through the utilization of observational studies. Develop mentalist’s knowledge the development of growth in nonhuman species, the most popular observe progress and transformationRead MoreErik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development1963 Words   |  8 PagesOpening Erik Erikson stated that there are eight psychosocial stages of development. Within each of these stages, he states that there is a crisis that must be resolved. Trust vs. mistrust is the first, which occurs from the time you were born to about one year of age. From there you move on to autonomy vs. shame and doubt, which occurs from ages one to three. Then there is initiative vs. guilt, which occurs from age’s three to six. After that it is industry vs. inferiority, which occurs betweenRead MoreAdolescent Identity Formation By Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Of Identity Development2352 Words   |  10 PagesCarter, Lauren Professor Christan Amundsen Psych 2314 12, April 2015 Adolescent Identity Formation Adolescence is defined as the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood typically beginning at age twelve and ending at age twenty. This stage for most adolescents is a complex time in which physical, cognitive and social development is at its peak. The balance between life as a child and the quest to transition into the independence of young adulthood presents many challenges within theRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality And Self Concept2411 Words   |  10 Pagesorganization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology† (Wikipedia, 2016). Under the psychoanalytical umbrella, Erik Erikson decided to focus on human development as a product of interactions between individual needs, abilities and societal expectations. Erik Erikson believed that personality and self-concept are what, ultimately, define us. Human development occurs through a series of eight stages throughout the lifetime. Accordin gRead MoreThe Deaf And Male And Female By Erik Erikson s Stage Of Industry Versus Inferiority1963 Words   |  8 PagesOur topic of focus will be deaf individuals, both male and female, ages six through twelve in Erik Erikson’s stage of Industry versus Inferiority. We chose the deaf because they are a vulnerable population with a small community, and face language and communication barriers which can affect development. Since we were born with no hearing loss, we felt it is important to understand how we as future Registered Nurses (R.N.) can communicate effectively with these children. We want to be able to provideRead MoreSpiritual Formation Across the Lifespan Essay7723 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 9 SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT Hope Haslam Straughan Within the social work profession, there is a growing movement affirming that spirituality and religious beliefs are integral to the nature of the person and have a vital influence on human behavior (Hugen, 1998). Canda (1988) identifies spirituality as a basic aspect of human experience, both within and outside the context of religious institutions. If a social worker is going to approach a person in a holistic manner, he or she must be willingRead MoreChild Observation2911 Words   |  12 Pagesclassroom and apply them to our students. Back in the 1900 s a woman by the name of Patty Hill created a curriculum for kindergarten students in the United States. She also founded the laboratory school at Columbia University Teacher s College; this was the beginning of the use of curriculum in early childhood education. Curriculum was created as an unbiased, cultured, community and parent approved way of teaching. The first national goal was to have every American child ready to start schoolRead MoreHow Suicide Is The Leading Cause Of Death Worldwide?1706 Words   |  7 PagesLowenberg Dolgoff (1996) examines a scenario about Kevin Gallagher. He is a sixteen-year-old high school student who suffers from a spinal condition resulting from a sports injury he encountered several years ago. Kevin has had to receive a copious amount of painful treatments since the day he became injured. Recently, Kevin confided in his social worker about his decision to commit suicide. Kevin’s rational for this decision is because hi s widowed father wants to get remarried, and Kevin feelsRead MoreEssay about Developing Curriculum to Enhance Student Learning2865 Words   |  12 Pagesthe classroom and apply them to our students. Back in the 1900’s a woman by the name of Patty Hill created a curriculum for kindergarten students in the United States. She also founded the laboratory school at Columbia University Teacher’s College; this was the beginning of the use of curriculum in early childhood education. Curriculum was created as an unbiased, cultured, community and parent approved way of teaching. The first national goal was to have every American child ready to start school

Effects Of Cultural Barriers On Reporting - 1166 Words

. Effects of Cultural Barriers on Reporting It’s very difficult for any women to make the terrifying decision to leave their abuser, however, research suggests that this decision can be even more difficult for a Latina woman to make. This is especially true if she holds to the traditional ideals of familismo and marianismo, which encourage a wife’s duty to her family and reinforce her submissive role in the relationship. The Latino cultural ideal of familismo decreases the likelihood that a Latina women will report instances of IPV, because the tradition teaches women to place the needs of their children and family over their needs as an individual. Latina women suffering domestic violence abuse can end up feeling as though they have to†¦show more content†¦Need some wrap up here III. Legal Barriers the Effects on Reporting Need some kind of intro/roadmap to the legal section here A. Difficulties with Police Officers i. Overall Ineffective Danis describes police officers as, â€Å"the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system.† They play an integral part in ensuring that domestic violence victims receive the help they need. Vidales argues that police officers can sometimes be seen as having a â€Å"casual attitude† towards domestic violence complaints, which can have a disproportionately negative effect on the poor and minority women who depend on them. Arrests for domestic violence in predominantly immigrant communities are less common than in non-immigrant communities. In one study conducted by Ammar, it was reported that a number of officers didn’t adhere to mandatory procedures, and many felt that the officers’ response was not effective. Immigrant victims of domestic violence are more likely to be arrested for acting violently in self-defense, because they are more vulnerable to police bias. ii. The Effect of Police Bias Unfortunately, it has been found that police officers can succumb to cultural bias when responding to reports of domestic violence against immigrants. Cultural traditions such as those mentioned above can lead officers to see certain cultures asShow MoreRelatedImmigration Has Been A Significant Part Of Canada1581 Words   |  7 Pagesone is the language barrier, one of the factors that causes social exclusion, which blocks immigrants from making connection with local people and having the equal treatment of illness as local people do. This paper is going through comparing data of immigrants’ health status with native-born people to find out the relationship between immigrants experience and health and well-being. Two susceptible age groups are being discussed and females are also an emphasis. Also, how cultural difference conflictsRead MoreAfrican Americans And Hispanics Of Mental Health Facilities765 Words   |  4 Pagesbarriers may weigh into African-Americans and Hispanics cautiousness of mental health facilities. (Bailey et al., 2011). For example,African-American and Hispanics are less likely than European-Americans to receive outpatient treatment, In many African-American communities, there is a persistent belief that social and treatment service attempt to impose European-American values, adding to distrust of the treatment ( ). Self-Disclosure Within some cultures, mental health, domestic violence,Read MoreSituation Analysis1288 Words   |  6 PagesSituation Analysis Social/Cultural: Sociocultural segment is concerned with a society’s attitudes and cultural values. Attitudes and values form the cornerstone of a society and they often drive demographic, economic, political/legal, and technological conditions and changes. The social factor affects EPCL in a way that the international economy has just shown some signs of economic recovery, whereas, Pakistan is still passing through tough liquidity crunch and financial crisis due to the recentRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Hispanic Women Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesany type. Also, Hispanic women are less likely to report abuse (Cho 2012). The reasons for not reporting abuse can vary depending on the legal status or living situation of the person being abused. Some of the reasons can be due to fear, cultural, and language barriers (Chiara, Cuevas, Zadnik 2015). Aside from not reporting abuse there are consequences that come from abuse. There are different effects that women go through depending on the severity of the situation or abuse. In the literature reviewRead MoreOrganizational Culture At The Workplace1749 Words   |  7 Pageschildren and families they serve. Teachers and staff volunteer their time to help families outside of work, often referring to them as â€Å"family† or â€Å"our kids†. Organizational Strengths When considering the development of the organization within in a cultural structure such as that of Foundation, there are primary strengths and challenges. The observed strengths and weaknesses at Foundation within the organization as culture metaphor include the following: †¢ Interactions among leadership and staffRead MoreConvergence And Comparability Of Financial Reporting1560 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction It has been argued over years that Convergence of financial reporting is possibly one of the most important and controversial topics in accounting and corporate governance across countries, of which I could not wholly agree them. The Issue of the convergence of the National Accounting Standards with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) among policy makers, standard setters, regulators, professional bodies, and companies worldwide has peaked up and widely been discussedRead MoreFormal Organization Structure: Hospital Setting1537 Words   |  6 Pagesbureaucracy or formal organization. Robert k. Merton, Philip Selznik, and Peter Blau, major theorists in the structuralist school of thought, gave particular attention to line and staff relationships, authority structure, the decision-making process and the effect of organizational life on the individual worker. (Jones Bartlett, nd, p.57) The formal organizational structure is focused on the relationship between authority a nd subordinate. (Jones Bartlett, nd, p.57) Formal organizations may be small businessesRead MoreParmalat Case Answers Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesmay face cultural and communication barriers with their clients, which can complicate audit tasks. We also have to account for different currency across different countries and any transactions involving them. One has to closely monitor the exchange rates to avoid overstating or undermining revenue. We also have to consider different accounting and financial reporting treatments for the same transactions and accounts. Auditor’s role is to ensure that proper accounting and financial reporting standardsRead MoreMedia Objectivity1226 Words   |  5 Pagesreport the truth, they continue to find it difficult to guarantee the accuracy of their reporting due to the evolving nature of their online resources. This difficulty is being capitalized upon by media agencies that care more about their viewer ratings than the truth behind thei r reporting. Why take the time to interview a source when you can simply quote their twitter feed? Unfortunately, this type of reporting allows for too much miss misinformation and the twisting of facts that is now prevailingRead MoreThe Long Term Psychological Effects Associated with Sexual Assault959 Words   |  4 PagesThe long term psychological effects associated with sexual assault includes, depression, substance use, anxiety, PTSD, and decreased self esteem (Foa Riggs, 1993; Resick, 1993). The authors of this article supports current literature which proposes that African American children receives inadequate or inappropriate sexuality socialization and sexual abuse prevention in their cultures and families which may affect their disclosure of sexual assault in adulthood (Washington, 2001;Wyatt, 1992). Comaz-Diaz

Stakeholders Implications Under Inaccurate Annual Returns

Question: Describe about the Stakeholders Implications Under Inaccurate Annual Returns. Answer: Australia securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) regulates Australian markets and financial services to ensure than there is a fair and transparent financial market in the country[1]. In the (ASIC ACT), ASIC is required to; keep information that it has efficiently processed with immediate effect encourage assertive and updated investor involvement develop, facilitate and sustain financial structures performance Ensure effective and efficient law enforcement. Make timely public information about companies and other organizations Under the cases investigated by ASIC, several implications might befall stake holders of the affected organization. Most affected stakeholders in such cases include shareholders, directors and managers. Auditors are obligated to account to ASIC infringements and alleged contraventions of the Corporations Act 2001 during conducting of an audit[2]. Failure to do so is considered contravention of his duties and breach of his contract. In such case an auditor is subjected to removal just as in case of Richard Langley Stewart Hill. If a company does not submit its Yearly Return in 28 days of the date to which it is made up, reminder s will first be sent to it by the Companies House. Nevertheless, if it still fails to convey its Annual Return, Companies House will finally be forced take to dissolve the company and remove it from the register. Failure to file Annual Return of a company in 28 days of the date to which it was made is considered a criminal offence by the law. Directors and, co mpany secretaries if appointed might face personal fines of up to 5,000 US dollars and might still be ineligible of acting as directors in the future. The inaccurate returns that were originally submitted are still not removed by the Companies House. It can only be done through a court order[3]. Nevertheless, it is probable to make right data apprehended by Companies House by submitting correct Annual Return. One of the following approaches can be used to do that: Change the made up date and file another return corrections can sometimes be made by filing another Annual Return. However, the return date must not be, and successive Annual Returns will be due after a year of the new made-up date. Companies House filing fees will however require to be paid again. This will affect the profits of the company hence less dividends to the shareholders. Second filings using Companies House form RP04 or form LLRP04 the company can make a second filing to switch the erroneous Annual Return by submitting the amended Annual Return in a paper form in conjunction with a Form RP04 (or LLRP04 for Limited Liability Partnerships)[4].Regrettably, the second filing cannot be made electronically. Use of this approach gives the company a chance of using the same made-up to date as the original incorrect return and it doesnt require to pay another Companies House filing fee[5]. Nonetheless, a second filing can only be made using form RP04 if the actual incorrect Annual Return was full provided and on time. If a company is traded on a significant market, shareholders with 5% or more should have their names and addresses included in the Annual Return[6]. A private or non-traded company should NOT include details of shareholders. Bibliography Austin, RP Ramsay, IM. Fords principles of corporations law, 14th edn,. Butterworths, Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis , 2010. Cassidy, J. Corporations law, 3rd edn. Annandale, NSW. : Federation Press,, 2010. Hanrahan, P, Ramsay, I Stapledon, G. Commercial applications of company law, 15th edn,. North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia Ltd, 2014. Lipton, P Herzberg, A. Understanding Company Law, 16th edn. Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Company, 2012. Young, N, QC. "Corporate liability versus directors personal liabilityhave we gone too far or not far enough? A review of the standard of conduct required of directors under sections 180-184 of the Corporations Act." Company and Securities Law Journal, June 2008: 180-184.

The Kamikazes Essays - Military History Of Japan During World War II

The Kamikazes Kamikaze was a type of Japanese pilot who flew suicide missions during the last months of World War II (1939-1945). The kamikazes were trained to dive airplanes loaded with the explosives into certain targets, usually American naval vessels. They were much like a human bullet. The suicide planes were also called kamikazes. Japan was desperate when it launched the kamikaze missions. Its military leaders viewed the kamikazes as the last hope of stopping the powerful Allied advance. But the plan didn't work. The first kamikaze attacks occurred in October 1944, when the Allies invaded the Japanese-held Philippines. More than a thousand kamikazes took part in the defense of Okinawa in 1945. Kamikaze pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last-ditch effort to stop the American advance, sank about 30-40 ships and damaged more than 350 others. They thought the Allied forces would have some trouble because they were losing so many warships. America would've been long time ago. In those days naval vessels were so abundant that the U.S. were having trouble finding enough sailors to man the ship. But the kamikazes failed to sink any large aircraft carriers-their main targets-and in time proved to be a costly failure. They became more important for the kind of resistance they symbolized than for the damage they caused. The word kamikaze means ?divine wind?. During the summer of 1281 the Emperor assigned an enormous army of 140,000 troops to the conquest of the Japanese islands. An armada of four thousands ships sailed, once again bound for Hakata Bay to fight the Mongols. Kublai Khan's forces landed. The battle was fought again, and once more the Mongols turned back to the beach. The Japanese fought valiantly, but with the enormous resources of the Mongols breached the defenses. Then, one night almost without warning, a powerful typhoon blew through most of their battle equipment and horses, and drowned thousands of the warriors. As the storm ended, the pitiful remnants of the great fighting force struggled back to Korea. Japan was saved. Once again, the people of Japan gave thanks to the Kami Kaze. The problem that this paper will analyze is what were the reasons of the Japanese that made them go on these suicide missions. In the Suicide Squads: W.W.II, Richard O'Neill says that the Japanese went on these suicide missions because they considered it a privilege to die for their emperor. The Japanese believed in the nationalistic State Shinto creed of the 20th century. It said that Japan was the first-born of all the nations of Earth, the offspring of divine copulation. Dominion was granted to the storm god Susanowo, ancestor of the Japanese people. But because of his misbehavior, Ninigi grandson of the sun goddess Amaterasu replaced Susanowo. Amaterasu was the great-grandmother of Jimmu Tenno (Tenno, ?Emperor?) became the first mortal yet still divine ruler of Japan. Thus, while both Japanese people and Emperor are traditionally of divine descent, the Emperor's line is by far greater. The Japanese believed that the living god dwelled among the people, and no act in his name, or for the cause of patriotic duty, was too much to ask. All schools and universities displayed portraits of the Emperor to be pro tected with their lives. In The Kamikazes, Hoyt explains that in the Japanese society suicide was acceptable and even honorable, from the schoolboy atoning for the shame of flunking an examination to the defeated general writing his report with his life's blood. Every schoolboy in Japan had admiration for the samurai, the warrior class who for a time were also the educated class in Japan. Since the Meiji restoration, the mystique of the samurai and their code of honor bushido, had again seized the Japanese imagination. The warrior code, bushido, said that they must gladly sacrifice their lives for Emperor and country. Outwardly, at least, all the young men involved were eager to give their lives. From the beginning Admiral Onishi had the presence of mind to create decorative and symbolic trappings for the sacrificial fliers. They were said to be already gods and should have no further interest in human affairs. On completion of their missions, their spirits would fly to the Yasukuni shrine near the Imperial Palace

Jimi Hendrix - Voodoo Child free essay sample

Explodingonto the music scene in 1967, Jimi Hendrixs talents were instantlyapparent. At age 24, he was producing some of the most ferocious andinnovative riffs of all time. Not only a great musician but an evenbetter showman, Jimi had all the tools to become the most dominantrock-and-roll musician of all time. Unfortunately, the life of the bestelectric guitarist to ever plug into an amp was cut short in 1970. The Voodoo Child collection is a masterfully puttogether shrine to Hendrix that allows generations to come together andshare his gifts. When I purchased the two-disc set, I alreadyowned Are You Experienced? and First Rays of the NewRising Sun. I wanted to find out more about the life andinfluences of Hendrix. This is possibly one of the best greatesthits collections of any rock performer. The set offers the best ofHendrix both in the studio and live. Disc one is Jimis greateststudio hits. Tracks include masterpieces like The Wind CriesMary and Hey Joe, plus all his other big hits. We will write a custom essay sample on Jimi Hendrix Voodoo Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Disc two completes the collection perfectly with an array ofJimis most famous live performances, such as the magic of TheStar Spangled Banner at Woodstock and his remake of JohnnyB. Goode. These two CDs are perfect for anyones music library,and are the best way to fully experience Hendrix. VoodooChild The Jimi Hendrix Collection has something for everyone.Whether the great riffs and musical attributes, or just the greatlanguage Hendrix used to write beautiful poems, Voodoo Childis a must-have for any music lover. You wont regret buying it.

Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones Essays

Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones Essays Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones Essay Analytical Essay Kiss and Tell by John Sam Jones Essay Essay Topic: Analytical â€Å"Kiss and tell† is a story written by author John Sam Jones. The story is set in Wales on a school. The story revolves around a boy and his thoughts about the opposite gender. The story is the omniscient type of narrator. This analysis focuses on characterization as well as on how to fit in. The main character in the story is Seimon. He is a fourteen-year-old boy from Wales. Throughout the whole story, the focus is on Seimon and his addiction to his teacher Mr. Roberts. As from the very beginning of the story, the narrator tells about the girls and boys in Seimon’s class. Some of the girls in Seimon’s class seemed much older – and a bit scary1. Somebody acted like they had already outgrown their peers – Jane Jones who had got breasts that where the Promised Land of boy’s dirty talk, almost always had love bites on her neck, and Shan Jenkins boasted about going to the nightclub Llandudno at the weekends with her boyfriend, who was a management trainee with one of the new, cheap German supermarkets.2 It seemed like all Seimon’s classmates had grown up both physically and mentally. Seimon felt that puberty had not reached him yet. Sometimes he imagined himself smaller-than-small so that the others would not notice him.3When the boy s he hung around with, seemed not to want to see him, he considered if he was insignificant. He hated that word because it made him think of being lonely and isolated. Siemon is a fragile person who is very easy to affect. Seimon felt like he did not fit in anywhere, so he started daydreaming about his teacher Mr. Roberts, his favourite teacher that he hoped would be reading to the class – one of the poems they were studying in a literature project, or perhaps he would be explaining something about the vagaries of Welsh grammar.4 Mr. Roberts was from Cardiff and got the job in Wales. He knew that he had got the job because of his strengths in German and French, but the problem was that he

The seductive play of power in Richard III Essay

The seductive play of power in Richard III - Essay Example The Middle Ages in England was characterized by power politics. Buckingham is as seduced by power as Richard is. In fact even before Richard explicitly reveals his intention of seizing the crown, Buckingham is seen hatching plots so cunningly, that Richard is delightfully tempted to say: "My other self, my counsel's consistory,/My oracle, my prophet! My dear cousin,/ I, like a child, will go by thy direction./ Towards Ludlow then, for we'll not stay behind." It is interesting to note that the women characters are not fleshed out in the play and are only allowed declamations. This is reasoned by Miner and Irene G. Dash who refers to the women in the play as "ciphers" or "nonpersons" because they are widows and their sole source of power and of social identity-their husbands-is gone. However, it is Richard's play. No other role matters much. He is a grand parodist - of himself, of stage conventions and of other characters. That is the secret of his outrageous charm. His great power over the audience and the other figures in his drama is a compound of terror and charm. Richard's zest, his antic glee in his own diabolism, is infectious. The sadomasochistic seduction of Lady Anne by Richard is by far the most fascinating episode in the play. She is seduced by the power of his rhetoric and his forceful emotional argument when he bares his chest and hands her his sword asking her to either kill him or take him up: "for I did kill King Henry-/But 'twas thy beauty that provoked me./ Nay, now dispatch; 'twas I that stabb'd young Edward-/But 'twas thy heavenly face that set me on." (Act I scene ii) Harold F. Brooks calls this Richard's "breathtaking impudence". Another instance where Richard seduces through the power of his language is in Act IV, scene iv. In order to consolidate his power, he falsely swears to Queen Elizabeth that he is in love with her daughter, and to gain credibility he wishes upon himself a curse that should take effect if his vow proves false: "God and fortune, bar me happy hours!/ Day, yield me not thy light, nor, night, thy rest!" His most triumphant parody occurs in Act III scene vii when he dupes the citizens of London into petitioning him to be their king. By imitating a holy man and appearing reluctant to accept the crown, Richard succeeds in getting the power he craves: "Would you enforce me to a world of care/ Well, call them again. I am not made of stone,/ But penetrable to your. kind entreats,/ Albeit against my conscience and my soul." Shakespeare's greatest originality in Richard III which redeems what some critics call an otherwise cumbersome and overwritten drama, is the hero-villain's startlingly intimate relationship with the audience. From the first line of the play, Richard woos the audience through the seductive power of his soliloquy: "Now is the winter of our discontent/ Made glorious summer by this sun of York;" Enthralled, the audience is on unnervingly confidential terms with him. They are unable to resist Richard's outrageous charm, making Machiavels out of them all. They are entertained by the suffering of others. Richard co-opts them as fellow-torturers, making them share guilty pleasures with the added frisson